10 2004
Representation, Contestation and Power: The Artist as Public Intellectual
A
central issue for critical artists today is the question
of interactions with the apparatus surrounding art production:
the parameters for reception (institutions, audiences,
communities, constituencies, etc.) and the potentials
and limitations for communication in different spheres
(the art world, the media, public spaces, the political
field etc.). How connections are made and how they are,
indeed, broken. This can be discussed in a number of
ways, ranging from the practical and methodological,
that is, discussions regarding the use of signs and
spaces in installation, about conceptions of tools and
politics of representation, the role or function of
the artist/author in the construction of other spaces
and subjectivities, that is alternative networks or
even counter-publics. Such discussions must focus not
only on the interface between the institution of art
and the individual artist, both politically and artistically,
but also on bodily relations in political spaces, the
advent and usage of technologies, and finally the establishment
of networks, communication lines and escape attempts.
The
artist as a producer is thus dependent on the apparatus
through which he or she is threaded, through specific,
historically contingent modes of address and reception.
The artist is, in other words, a specific public figure
that can naturally be conceived in different ways, but
which is simultaneously always already placed or situated
in a specific society, given a specific function. This
was, of course, what Michel Foucault was driving at
when he wrote of "the author-function" in
his essay "What is an Author?".[1]
"What is an Author?" is an institutional and
epistemological analysis of the figure of the author,
which can be read as a problematization of both Walter
Benjamin's politically motivated imagining of the author
as producer, as well as Roland Barthes' equally polemic
and instructive essay "The Death of the Author".[2]
Rather than eliminating or transforming the author,
Foucault wants to suspend or bracket the author as a
specific function, invention and intervention (with)in
discourse:
We should suspend the typical questions: how does a free subject [such as an author or artist, supposedly] penetrate the density of things and endow them with meaning; how does it accomplish its design by animating the rules of discourse from within? Rather, we should ask: under what conditions and through which forms can an entity like the subject appear in the order of discourse; what position does it occupy; what functions does it exhibit; and what rules does it follow in each type of discourse? In short, the subject (and its substitutes) must be stripped of its creative role and analysed as a complex and variable function of discourse.[3]
According
to Foucault the author-function is a measure that differentiates
and classifies the text or work, which has both legal
and cultural ramifications. This also means that any
potential reconfigurations of that function require
a reconfiguration of discursive institutions surrounding
it. In this both Benjamin's notion of the author as
a politically involved figure questioning relations
of production in modern industrial society, a.k.a. fordism,
and Barthes' post-industrial call to arms, where the
death of the author should lead to the birth of the
reader, which is a radically different notion of activating
the public and presumably deepening democracy, are,
in effect, attempts at reconfiguring the function of
the author. This reconfiguration of the author/artist
function was to take place through new modes of address,
which would in turn configure new modes of receivership
or spectatorship in the sense that a mode of address
is always an imaginary stranger relationality, an attempt
at developing an audience, constituency or community.
So if we are to understand the artist as a public intellectual,
we also have to understand how this potential public
is constructed and reconfigured through the historical
and contingent placing or function of the artist, through
his or her specific public sphere, which is also termed
the apparatus through which the artist is threaded.
Now
the classical conception of the artist, or the public
intellectual, as an Enlightenment figure in a bourgeois
public sphere seems less and less up to date and purely
historical. The notion of the bourgeois public sphere
as a space to be entered with equal rights and opportunities
as rational-critical subjects, which has always been
a projection of course, is also an increasingly receding
horizon today. There no longer is "a" public,
but rather either no public at all (as understood as
free exchange), or a number of fragmented, particular
publics. The enlightenment model of the west, which
was tolerant, to some extent, of avant-garde art, of
representing values other than bourgeois values of conduct,
order and productivity, has now been superseded by a
more thoroughly commercial mode of communication, by
a cultural industry. Where the Enlightenment model tried
to educate and situate its audience through discipline,
through various display models identifying subjects
as spectators, the cultural industry institutes a different
communicative model of exchange and interaction through
the commodity form, in turn identifying subjects as
consumers. For the cultural industry, the notion of
"the public", with its contingent modes of
access and articulation, is replaced by the notion of
"the market", implying commodity-exchange
and consumption as modes of access and interaction.
This also means that the idea of the Enlightenment,
rational-critical subjects and a disciplinary social
order, is replaced by the notion of entertainment as
communication, as the mechanism of social control and
producer of subjectivity. The classic bourgeois spaces
of representation are likewise either replaced by markets,
such as the mall replacing the public square, or transformed
into a space of consumption and entertainment, as is
the case in the current museum industry. Similarly,
the former communist public sphere, which was no public
sphere as such, but a matter between state and party,
has been replaced not by the former citizen-model of
the west, but by the market/consumer-group formation
as just described.
As
such, we then also have to reconfigure the role of the
public intellectual as a rational-critical subject,
a universal subject, not as a thoroughly particular
subject, which - as I see it - would only be an affirmation
of the consumer-group model, but rather as an involved
instead of detached figure: at the same time as Benjamin's
thesis dealing with the mode of address, Antonio Gramsci
was defining a different model of the intellectual,
the so-called "organic" intellectual, which
was a figure that was involved not only in struggles,
in causes, but also in production itself.[4]
According to Gramsci all men were intellectuals, although
not everyone had that role (the potential of mass intellectuality),
a role that had to do with involvement, organizing and
movements. As such, marketing and advertising men as
well as journalists were the new organic intellectuals
of capitalism, whereas teachers and priests could not
be considered organic intellectuals, since they were
repetitive. Today, precarious workers could certainly
be considered this kind of intellectual, although it
remains to be discussed whether they are in the service
of capital or the cultural industry or in its counter-movement,
a struggle for the multitude. We must therefore begin
to think of artists and intellectuals as not only engaged
in the public, but as producing a public through the
mode of address and the establishment of platforms or counter publics, something that
has already existed in both the east and west, clandestinely
and underground respectively, but in opposition to the
reigning cultural and political hegemony of the specific
society.
Counter-publics can be understood
as particular parallel formations of a minor or even
subordinate character where other or oppositional discourses
and practices can be formulated and circulated. Where
the classic bourgeois notion of the public sphere claimed
universality and rationality, counter-publics often
claim the opposite, and in concrete terms often entail
a reversal of existing spaces into other identities
and practices, most famously as in the employment of
public parks as cruising areas in gay culture. Here,
the architectural framework, set up for certain types
of behaviour, remains unchanged, whereas the usage of
this framework is drastically altered: private acts
are performed in public.
According
to Michael Warner, counter-publics have many of the
same characteristics as normative or dominant publics
- existing as an imaginary address, a specific discourse
and/or location, and involving circularity and reflexivity
- and are therefore always already as much relational
as they are oppositional.
In recent art history the notion of "self-organization",
for example, is most often an oppositional term, and
certainly a credible one, but it is not itself a counter-public.
Indeed, self-organization is a distinction of any public
formation: it
constructs and posits itself as a public through its
specific mode of address. Rather, the counter-public
is a conscious mirroring of the modalities and institutions
of the normative public, but in effort to address other
subjects and indeed other imaginaries:
Counterpublics are "counter" [only] to the extent that they try to supply different ways of imagining stranger sociability and its reflexivity; as publics, they remain oriented to stranger circulation in a way that is not just strategic but constitutive of membership and its affects. [5]
Of particular interest here, is not only the transformation of "bourgeois" art institutions by particular agents, but also the current movement of wilful self-institutionalization seen in such art related platforms as 16 Beaver group in New York, b_books in Berlin, Center for Land Use Interpretation in Los Angeles, Center for Urban Pedagogy in New York, Copenhagen Free University, Community Art School in Zagreb, Institute of Applied Autonomy in Boston, The Invisible Academy in Bangkok, School of Missing Studies in NY, Belgrade and Amsterdam, University of Openess in London and Université Tangente in Paris, that all somewhat mirror and reverse educational facilities. Here discourses are established and circulated not through a negation of publicness, but through a deliberate and tactical self-institutionalization. Societal machines for knowledge production become subjective ones - produced through identity rather than producing identity. As stated by one of these self-institutions:
Copenhagen Free University is one voice in a mumble of voices. We are not two or three individuals, we are an institution drifting through various social relations, in the process of being produced and producing. We are the people in the house. This position establishes an ever-changing formation of new contexts, platforms, voices, actions but also by inactivity, refusals, evacuations, withdrawals, exodus. According to the situationist Asger Jorn, subjectivity is a point of view inside matter, "a sphere of interest", and not necessarily that, which is equitable with the individualized ego. [...] Copenhagen Free University is a "sphere of interest" arising from the material life we experience and will always be politicized before any citizenship. Our scope is both local and global, looking for fellow travellers around the corner and around the world. [6]
We are dealing here with a notion of the everyday, with an attempt to deal with living conditions within the knowledge economy of the post-fordist world, a tactic of double movement, both contestation and withdrawal. We can also describe this movement as a politics of everyday life, rather than of representations, deliberations and/or aggregates. This entails, then, a different notion of "the political" that is not only about movement, but also moment, the here and now, as in the words of another author-producer Stephan Geene:
What b_books is up to, according to my point of view (although this is not very consensual in the group), is to maintain a specific kind of "option" for "the political", an option that is explicitly not utopian in any way. the option is based on the premise that the political does not mean to work for a defined political aim + that it has nothing to do with sacrificing one's own (life)time, but rather investing in the "machine" that generates "one's own life" in a political process. [7]
Let me also offer another definition along the lines of counter-publics: what is at stake here is the articulation of experience. It is assemblage rather than performance. Where the institutions of the cultural industry only offer endless "new experiences", the production of self-institutionalized bodies notably tends to appear boring, unspectacular in the organizing of experience.
In
these times of an expansive global capitalism, corporatization
of culture and criminalization of the critical left,
it is not only appropriate, but indeed crucial to discuss
and assess modes of critique, participation and resistance
in the charged field between the cultural field and
the political sphere. Or in other words, the charged
field between political representation and representational
politics, between presentation and participation. It is our firm belief that the cultural field is a usable tool for creating political platforms and new political formations rather than a primary platform in itself; that art matters, or at least should matter and not only be a playground for self expression and/or analysis. However, such a project requires thinking, analysis and, not least of all, a consideration of what these terms, politics and culture, implicate in the current situation. First of all, it is obvious that both arenas
have been pluralized and fragmented, if not dispersed
and dissolved throughout the current postmodern era.
We can no longer talk of homogeneous categories in the
singular, but rather of several political spheres and
several cultural fields that sometimes connect and/or
overlap and sometimes strives towards autonomy and/or
isolation. Both arenas imply a large subdivision of
networks, agents and institutions.
In
Western welfare states the cultural field has traditionally
been seen as ideally autonomous from the political sphere,
and has thus been structured, financed and institutionalized
as a separate entity, something apart from the political
as an independent public sphere. Strangely, it is also
this relative autonomy that has supplied the cultural
field with its potential for political critique and
discussion - that it has been removed from direct political
representation and control, allowing for a different
production of knowledge and reflexive processes. Unfortunately,
it is also this relative autonomy that has led to a
de-politicization of cultural production and the configuration
of the art world as an elitist, exclusive club. However,
with the current neoliberal onslaught throughout the
West, culture is increasingly being privatized and corporatized,
both in terms of funding and production. Corporate culture
creates dominant imagings and subjectivities rather
than so-called alternative or counter-culture. And neoliberalism
is now aligning itself seamlessly with the current wave
of European "velvet" fascism in democratically
elected governments in Austria, Denmark, Holland and
so on, leading to a vilification of left-wing intellectualism
and political activism, in some instances even criminalizing
activists in the wake of 9-11.
This
current state of affairs, in both the cultural field
and the political sphere, leads to a possible radicalization
rather than a mainstreaming of critical practices within
art and activism, sometimes strategically and sometimes
involuntary. It is a struggle on two fronts, directed
both towards the current political mainstream and inwards
in the making of political identities and platforms:
What can we do for ourselves? Such an endeavour, however,
certainly requires more rather than less thinking about
notions of culture and politics, but also about identity
constructions, notions of locality or, if you will,
the mediating between particularity and universality,
public spaces and activist strategies, networks and
constituencies. In the creation of equivalence and translation,
we can learn from AIDS activism as suggested by artist/activist
Gregg Bordowich: MEDICINE INTO MY BODY NOW. It requires
an ongoing negotiation, translation and articulation
between interested agents and groups. It is necessary
to establish networks, to compare and mediate practices
as well as theories. Art matters, certainly, but art
is not enough.
[1] Michel Foucault, "What is an Author?", 1969, reprinted in Language, Counter-Memory, Practice, Cornell University Press: Ithaca, New York, 1977, pp. 113-138.
[2] Walter Benjamin, "The Author as Producer", 1934, reprinted in Reflections, Harcourt Brace Joanovich: New York, 1978, pp. 220-238. Roland Barthes, "The Death of the Author", 1967, reprinted in Image-Music-Text, Hill & Wang: New York, 1977, pp.142-148.
[3] Foucault, op.cit., p.137-8.
[4] Antonio Gramsci, "Intellectuals" Prison Notebooks Q 12, 1932, reprinted in The Antonio Gramsci Reader, Lawrence and Wishart: London, 1999, pp.301-311.
[5] Michael Warner, Publics and Counterpublics, New York: Zone Books, 2002, pp. 121-22.
[6] Copenhagen Free University, "All Power to the Copenhagen Free University", in: Katya Sander and Simon Sheikh (Eds.), We are All Normal (and we want our freedom), Black Dog Publishing: London, 2001, pp. 394-395.